Низовцев Юрий Михайлович : другие произведения.

The person - a product of evolution?! Whether everything is so clear here?!

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  • Аннотация:
    Certainly, the main thing in Creation is just what is capable to be separated from it, evaluate it and itself, to move forward together. A person arose in itself or not? What is really his mission and whether there is this mission, per se? The riddle of emergence of the subject, which is so different from everything else in the thoughts, feelings and actions, as well as the problem of his disappearance isn't allowed in the frames of the known - evolutionary or religious - ideas, but it is well allowed by the approaches, described below.
  
  Contents
  Introduction.
  1. The list of possible approaches to a solution of the problem of emergence of a creative being on the planet and their analysis.
  2. The characteristic of the candidates for the place of the person, which have appeared during evolution.
  3. A set of the human civilizations on Earth during existence of the environment which is acceptable for survival.
  4. Causes and effects of appearance of the person and numerous human civilizations on the basis of a highly developed primate.
  Conclusion.
  
  Introduction
  
  Relatively rapid appearance of the subject of creative action on the basis of the primate, which is so different from other living beings, and gradually accelerates slowly current time by own new approaches to interaction with the environment, and reaches eventually now known civilizational situation, neither natural scientists, nor philosophers failed to explain.
  They just stated the inexplicable strangeness of this creature who commits unlike other beings the contradictory actions - how for the benefit of itself, so and the detriment, and often this creature commits quite senseless acts.
  On this visibility, idea of existence in each person of the two contradictory beings is created. The opposition of these inside beings as if moves the person with great strides forward, and along with that regularly throws him back and in different directions with pernicious consequences.
  Unlike other beings, which are uniform in own indissolubility with the environment surrounding them, the similar ambivalent being, apparently, can't but reflect a certain fundamental feature of all Creation. In other words, this being comprises the main mystery of all things, reflecting also contradictory nature of Creation, and expressing in itself various parties of activity - both spontaneous, and creative, as well as symbolizing by own presence the highest extent of manifestation of consciousness in Creation which gives sense to existence of Creation, on the one hand, and with another, - keeps Creation in time through beingness.
  Thus, transfer of accent from functioning of the living organisms in beingness on consciousness, which is manifested by means of the living organisms, forces to look for a basis of this activity not in beingness, and beyond its limits - not divine, but quite material
  Similar approach also allows to answer questions, from which both the church, and scientists-evolutionists in every possible way evade.
  Some of these questions are such.
  Why and from where initially the living beings with the genome have appeared among lifeless matter?
  For what reason the appeared simplest organisms began to become complicated, but along with this process partly to remain at the previous level of complexity what, in particular, has happened to viruses and bacteria?
  How long complication of live organisms will last?
  Whether the person is purely derivative product of complication of the living organisms?
  When and owing to what the person will disappear: in itself because of degradation or as a result of some external cataclysm, or because of some other logic of his temporary existence?
  
  1. The list of possible approaches to a solution of the problem of emergence of a creative being on the planet and their analysis.
  
  It is known that the live organisms unlike inanimate have set of signs: metabolism and energy, ability to growth and development, to reproduction, to maintenance of a certain structure. Furthermore, they are characterized by self-regulation of the metabolic system and they have ability to exact self-reproduction of own metabolic system (DNA replication, its matrix copying and synthesis of proteins-enzymes, specifically determined) etc.
  At reproduction the repetition in consecutive generations of identical forms of exchange is manifested. Successors receive the program of exchange in the form of molecules DNA, on the basis of which they produce own signs and properties.
  This program is found in genes of every cell of any organism, the totality of which constitutes the genotype of the organism.
  Genotype is a system of interacting genes, manifestation of each of which depends on other genes and from the general genetic environment.
  The genotype became complicated in the course of evolution. In particular, if at the elementary organisms - viruses - it contained tens of genes, then at the highest mammals the quantity of genes in a genotype has increased up to tens of thousands.
  Owing to interaction of a genotype and the external environment the genotype is shown in it in the form of a number of signs (phenotype): the number of signs has compliance with number of genes.
  The most harmonious interaction of an organism through a phenotype with the environment is noted by natural selection in competitive struggle of organisms with fixing in chromosomes of the genes corresponding to these signs, with the subsequent inheritance of the fixed genes. Descendants thereby receive genes which determine emergence of these or those signs. Material for natural selection are, as a rule, random changes (mutations) of the genotype as a whole or any part of it. Mutations can be harmful or beneficial for the organism depending on the conditions of its existence [1. Ch. 3].
  In this short description there are no answers, at least, on two major questions: from where emerged the first simplest organisms with predetermined programs on the protein carrier. and why the genotype of organisms began to become complicated.
  Indeed, the spontaneous formation of the simplest programs on the protein carrier has the probability close to zero, even in the calculation for billions of years. This fact implies the impossibility of spontaneous appearance of the living beings, who, however, has appeared on Earth.
  Complication of the elementary organisms the genetics explain by the arbitrary character of this phenomenon, that in itself isn't scientific, inasmuch the complex process of natural selection is given at the mercy of arbitrariness, whereas any live organism acts in strict accordance with the program which is available in the genome. This program assumes use of any failures (mistakes) during realization, in particular, the programs of replication, by means of remembering and application, at their positive influence on the reproduction process, fixing these failures in the available program, i.e. adding an extra combination of links to the former links, recorded in the program.
  Thereby this procedure, on the one hand, increases number of combinations of links in a genome, complicating it, and on the other hand, this process of use of new links, positive for replication, in effect, means gradual formation of some kind of reflexes on the remembered irritation that, naturally, is reflected on a phenotype.
  All these consequences of mutations have no relation to arbitrariness and they find an explanation, first, in the inescapable deep activity of the living organisms distinguishing them from lifeless objects, that is called by consciousness, and secondly, in possession by any living organism of the complex program, allowing a organism to develop, i.e. to multiply, become more complicated, retain own structure from disintegration by effective exchange of substance and energy with the environment.
  By itself, the process of complication of living organisms in the course of their interaction with the environment is the derivative from the process of their adaptation to the environment, which along with the dominant process of complication of the organisms can be manifested and in stability of organisms to the change long time, if they find full compliance with the environment, and the failures in their programs are of a balanced character, without influencing, for example, on the reproduction process in any way. In this case the program on the protein carrier remains almost invariable on the action, how and a phenotype, which is manifested in appearance and structure of an organism (some viruses and bacteria).
  Thus, evolution represents gradual accumulation of the various, more or less difficult living beings appearing and disappearing during natural selection during billions of years. These beings are characterized by the full unity with the environment, i.e. they aren't capable to separate themselves from the environment independently, because the action program which is written down in genes of each living being determines it as a component of the living environment, the sole support which is a reflex activity, but not as the certain subject of conscious-target impact on the environment.
  It is possible to understand this representation by analogy with operation of the computer according to various programs, introduction of which changes properties of the computer, but which the computer isn't capable to generate independently.
  If, nevertheless, to allow the emergence of such independence, then becomes inexplicable absence of similar transformation, for example, at a chimpanzee during millions of years, whose genome only for 1% differs from the human genome.
  All this clearly indicates the lack of smooth evolutionary transition of the primate, merged with the nature, into the creative person, which is separated from nature to a large extent
  Lack of similar smooth evolutionary transition is confirmed by data of the research conducted by the international consortium of. 67 scientists from 23 scientific institutions of 5 countries - the USA, Israel, Spain, Italy and Germany.
  They have found the fact of unusually rapid restructuring of a genome, contradicting the speed of evolutionary development which is usually stated by evolutionists. During the research they used the computer overlay of the genome map of a chimpanzee on the genome map of the person that has allowed them to mark out three categories of so-called DNA-duplications - those that are available in the human genome, but are absent in a genome of a chimpanzee, those that are available in a genome of a chimpanzee, but are absent in the human genome and those that are available in a genome of both types. DNA-duplication is one of forms of a mutation at which the site of a chromosome is doubled. In this case the segments of DNA with the length not less than 20 thousand nucleotide pairs were considered. It turned out that about a third of DNA-duplications, found in the person, are absent at a chimpanzee. This figure fairly surprised geneticists, inasmuch it testifies to very high frequency of mutations for short (on evolutionary measures) period (See, e.g., dw.de' decryption of a genome ... and ... its comparing ... human).
  This shows that the explanation of emergence of the person, offered by evolutionists, as a result of smooth transition of one of type of primates to the person, connected with labor activity and manifestation of communication with the help of words, which somehow evolutionists does not allow to make to the other primates, doesn't maintain criticism.
  There is the only explanation of rather rapid transformation of one of type of primates into the person: introduction into the genome (the evocation) by no means not in a random way the programs, promoting formation at this type of primates of the concepts, distracted from concrete things as a result of communication with similar beings, different ways of evaluating own actions, that promotes emergence of an opportunity for these beings to look at the world from outside, to estimate its usefulness for themselves and to try to change this world purposefully under themselves.
  It is known that the ray of light can be modulated by the signal bearing information which is capable to set certain programs of development or to correct the available programs. In particular, at Institute of Problems of Management of the Russian Academy of Sciences an exemplar of DNA has been placed between the laser and an external mirror. Both the direct and reflected beams not only apprehended genetic information, but also radiated it in corresponding frequency range.
  Obviously, for emergence at primates of awareness of own existence were to happen some fundamental internal changes which weren't for all the time of existence of organisms on Earth. What are these changes, if the person has appearance, structure of organs and even the structure of the genome close to that of a chimpanzee?
  It is possible to state the following: the similar internal change can only be additional programming of a genome, which until then (during billions of years) has been programmed at all living beings only to reflex activity, also to conscious activity.
  Therefore, transformation of the most perfect primate - it could be the chimpanzee or even more perfect primate - in a prototype of the person is possible only when changing the program which is manifested in a phenotype.
  Apparently, under this new program the genome of only one type of a chimpanzee as we know, for 99% coinciding with human genome, or ape, which is similar to a chimpanzee, that technically facilitates affair, has also been reconstructed. Otherwise, when the gradual evolutionary development, all or almost all highly developed primates, in a varying degree, but owning a set of sound signals to facilitate communication, as well as are able to force down from trees the fruits and berries by a handpicked stick, would realize, sooner or later, the benefits of the verbal communication for own groups and a labor activity in collective, and they would turn in public creative beings, which are identical in fact but various by the form.
  However, it hasn't occurred.
  One of hypotheses believes that the lagoon ape from Ethiopia was the closest ancestor of the person. The ape had smaller indumentum, well swam, moved a considerable part of days vertically, had "the lowered larynx", emergence which, apparently, is connected with a semi-water way of life. Important the fact that the similar larynx allows to control breath and, as a result, gives the ability to speak.
  After similar reorganization, the symbiosis of the turned out individual and consciousness of higher level, than consciousness of an animal, becomes possible. This procedure brings to the individual an opportunity to manifest consciousness. All the rest: ability to work together with tribespeople, coherent speech, creative thinking and etc. is developed as a consequence for a certain and relatively not really long term, fixing joint symbiosis of the lowest (reflex) and the highest (conscious and target) consciousness forms with a body, and developing thereby intelligence.
  For this reason - owing to readiness of the candidate for the person (the highly developed ape) for similar transformation - the person has so suddenly appeared, more precisely, a prototype of the person in the form of some types of hominids with the additional program in a genome, intended for consciously-target actions, and not just as earlier - only for reflex and instinctive actions in the environment.
  In other words, the additional program, which has been recorded in the genome, marked the beginning for emergence of a few million years ago of the prototype of the person in the form of several variants of hominids, who were capable to understand themselves, or to determination own "I," i.e. to switch largely for initiatively-target behavior. These prototypes of the person were being changed a few million years in accordance with natural selection in the course of another interaction with the environment in comparison with apes: their brain have increased, so how was necessary to solve complex problems of a reorganization of an environment by means of instruments of labor, hunting, a household etc.); their extremities have changed (hindquarters have being adapted primarily to walking, because of the wandering way of life of hominids, having turned into the low extremities; forelimbs have being adapted to the manufacture of artificial tools of labor and handling with these tools); larynx has being transformed into the direction of the highest fitness to the sound verbal communication, significantly increases the efficiency of collective action during hunting, cooking, raising children and so on.
  The most successful from hominids on the way to modern person were Cro-Magnons, while less successful candidates didn't sustain the competition with more adaptive Cro-Magnons, who, apparently, had the most favorable combination of reflex-instinctive mechanisms and programs of self-consciousness for the survival and development of the ability to consciously-target actions.
  This favorable combination of both programs of the highest and lowest types of consciousness has been transferred to modern people practically without change, i.e. their abilities and properties are the same as at their ancestors who lived tens thousands of years ago, and the genotype of the modern person, as it was found by scientist-genetics, did not undergo during this time of significant change.
  Becomes also clear, why the transitional link from primates to the person is still not found.
  External signs of reorganization in this case don't play a significant role in comparison with deep signs, inasmuch the genome has been quickly enough reconstructed, and there was person almost in finished form, i.e. a being, who, whether it is bad or is good, but was already able to separate itself from the environment and to use this new ability to realize itself in the world as an individual.
  All others - approximately the same primacies who were not exposed by the specified (artificial) transformation, - are being remained in the former animal quality. Though, as a matter of fact, conditions of their existence a little in what differed from existence of initial "candidate" into the person.
  Thus, one may say, that the being, capable only to unconscious (reflex) actions, has one program, but the conscious being (having self-consciousness) has the additional program - the more difficult: this program promotes a regular self-assessment of own activity of the being, and respectively - to rapid reorganization and self-training, designing on the future of own actions with processing of their results for the subsequent adjustment, using already stored memory from the much bigger collective database, than at usual primates.
  However, this program can "work" only in case of contact of the beings capable to comprehend own existence, with other similar beings, i.e. in society.
  And yet: whether still similar impact on genome of the primate by the result of chance or another factor?
  The random nature of similar impact was rejected in due time by the famous physicist Heisenberg who has declared concerning opening of a genetic code, which it is possible to call also the program on the biological carrier, that casual formation of so incredibly complex entities as a genome in any his part during imaginable term just couldn't happen and it is necessary only to think of its divine origin.
  In other words, spontaneous mutations aren't capable to lead for short term to development of absolutely new and purposeful program of a live organism, while the mutations, induced artificially, are capable to make it.
  As for divine intervention, it explains nothing, and here opening of holography about 50 years ago puts everything on the places.
  Scientists, based on outdated notions of human nature, i.e. relying mainly on his external features, unambiguously claim that distribution and change of consciousness in neurons of a human body (without having at the same time knowledge of material structure of consciousness) is so merged with this organism that with the termination of his activity, consciousness, as well as all organism breaks up, and disappears forever.
  The fact that this view is a delusion, is clear from the fact that a person can be represented as a living computer. Programs running on any computer, can be both inserted in it, and removed from it, for example, in case of damage or obsolescence. But the basis of consciousness in the person is the programs acting in him and corresponding to the genome encoding [2. Ch. 2.1].
  Moreover, if it is clear that consciousness, including self-consciousness - the basis of human activity and life of the human body, then the human body plays a subordinate role. Without consciousness acting body turns into a useless pile of muscles and bones, as the computer without the acting programs - into a pile of metal. And in the moment of death exactly consciousness gives the command to the body to stop functioning, and not the body spontaneously stops functioning.
  Therefore, the body is only the carrier, and the person as a whole is only the tool of consciousness.
  Further, if at the basis of beingness, known to us, is laid the hologram which is the high-frequency formation, then the person as well as any live organism can be presented in the form of some kind of television receiver which by means of own sense organs and the processing centers of information forms the environment surrounding him of the arriving the discrete packages of information (own time) within the frames of the general time for all localized living beings in this time, which is formed not by individual consciousness, but single consciousness, inasmuch in hologram any her part and whole are inseparable. In other words, all living beings including people, in the holographic basis are a single whole, divided, nevertheless, in beingness: each individual consciousness through own carrier forms own time (now), while all set of the living beings forms general time of all living beings, which as if covers own time of each living being.
  Thus, the person, as and any receiver of the information coded impulses, convert them to the image, in this case - in 3D- mage, part of which is human being itself [2. Ch. 2.3].
  In addition, the effect of the programs embedded in the human genome, and being formed the environment (current time or now), is not comprehended by the individual, separated unilaterally from single consciousness, but associated, however, with single consciousness on the other side, i.e. combining in this holographic basis of beingness of all living beings. But still, of all the creatures only the person can partly manage own time thanks to the fact that only he has the targeted programs of self-consciousness, which give him the opportunity to rise above the environment, to separate himself from it partly, and with this or that success consciously to change this environment as a result of both individual, and group actions, changing himself in this interaction with the environment, i.e. gradually changing own consciousness, saturating it with new impressions, results of the occurred collisions, creative and cultural achievements, as well as sensing the consequences of falls and wrong actions [2. Ch. 2.10; 2.11; 3].
  Thus, the computer imposing of the genome map of a chimpanzee on the genome map of the person, whose results are given above, shows exactly induced impact of single consciousness of the hologram on the individual, who is most suitable in the available biological row, for formation in his genome of programs of consciousness, that gives to actions of this being the conscious special-purpose character along with the reflex and instinctive programs, which are already existing in this being. Exactly this relatively short-term impact on a genome of the most highly developed primate allowed this primate to acquire rather quickly creativity, i.e. to escape from a row of all other beings who act only on the basis of instinctive and reflex programs, reminding thereby the live mechanisms, and at last to begin to compare with itself all events, estimating effectiveness of own actions and attracting the environment, transformed by these former primates, for increase in efficiency of own actions.
  The emergence of the being, conforming to requirements of programs of self-consciousness has demanded billions of years of evolution of the living beings though single consciousness, except this evolutionary way, can use (and has used) one more way of formation of the creative being with self-consciousness, about what it will be told below.
  
  2. The characteristic of the candidates for the place of the person, which have appeared during evolution.
  
  Any highest consciousness, including single consciousness, most of all appreciates liberty, which provides a scope for manifestation of activity of the living being: liberty does possible relatively rapid and intensive development of consciousness of the living being.
  However, liberty in the form of consciously-target character of the activities of the organism is absent for the living beings of the nature, appearing during evolutionary development, owing to their almost complete fusion with the environment, which presupposes as sufficient only instinctive and reflex activities for ensuring existence.
  What is liberty can understand only the being, who is capable not only to evaluate own actions for obtaining a certain benefit, but who is capable also to oppose self to everything else outside usefulness to itself [2. Ch. 7].
  I.e. a self-conscious being, remaining the subject of the nature, at the same time gradually gains ability to become over the environment, forcing it to serve own interests and even whims.
  What characteristics should have such creature, which is, to a certain extent, already not only purely natural?
  It must be assumed that first of all this being has to be able to transform consciously the world around for the purposes which can be not only pragmatic.
  For this purpose, this being should seek various means to overcome resistance of this environment, dependence on it. The main means in this case are those features of mind and a structure of an organism which or are absent at other living beings, or are at them in embryo, i.e. they are practically not used as superfluous.
  The greatest progress in activities of this being is achieved generally not as a product of its personal qualities, such as sharpness of mind, resourcefulness, retentive memory, ingenuity, force, etc., but as a result of accumulating and use of information of many generations in all its possible types, but, most effectively, - in written. With growth of volume of information sources are being expanded possibilities of specialization, training, that by itself even more promotes to the achievements in a labor activity, which in turn gives additional opportunities for manifestation of initiative, ingenuity, training fruits, assuming not only the work on samples, but also use of logical designs, abstract forms, but not just the subject concepts, by composing in own head of certain schemes, before their implementation in practice.
  Self-awareness also allows not only pragmatic and targeted way to treat the environment, changing it for itself, but also to see own appearance, for example, discovering itself in the polished fragment of the rock or seeing reflected in a rain pool, receiving the aspiration to change, decorate this shape anyway, that forms thereby the culture rudiments.
  At all this the greatest advantage in activities is got by the individuals capable not only on one extrapolation, but also on unexpected, original (creative) solutions of the arising problems, i.e. the beings who can create what for the present isn't present in an environment, and that in itself means aspiration of each being to similar manifestations, far as, of course, it is possible for him.
  Thus, the searched liberty of consciousness receives realization from within, reflecting itself into activity in all expanding space of own affairs, in disappearing dependence on a lot of external factors, that is supported by successful solution anyway of the arising problems [2. Ch. 7].
  In the course of evolution three quite worthy candidates have appeared: an ape, a rat and a dolphin, inducting in genome of one of which a certain set of the genes promoting development of self-consciousness, could give the creative being, whose main qualities are stated above
  Other living creatures in the properties associated with ingenuity, the ability to convert one way or another the environment, mostly are far behind specified beings
  Let us characterize briefly these three species, despite the fact that the result of the selection is already known.
  Let's start with the rat.
  The rat is not as simple as it seems.
  In particular, if we compare its genome with the human genome, then the number of genes at the person (about 30 thousand) and the rat (about 25 thousand) is comparable, and it is very important, inasmuch from the manifestation of the genotype depends all basic properties of each individual of the respective kind.
  Decoding the genome of the rat showed that 99% genes of the person and rat are similar, and 80% at all coincide, and the length of the genetic code of the rat is 2.5 billion pairs of nucleotides, that is slightly shorter than at the person (2.9 billion pairs of nucleotides).
  It is no wonder that the composition of blood of a rat and a person coincides, the structure of body tissues also coincides; moreover, experiments have shown that rats, like humans, have abstract thinking, at least, in a number of situations. About it in more detail you can read on Internet.
  All these data are not so striking, so how mammals evolved from Theriodont (medium-sized lizard) about two hundred million years ago, and the branches of the rodents and the primates diverged about 90 million years ago.
  The advantage of the rat is the fact that it has evolved about three times faster than a human.
  Grey rats can run with speed up to 9.6 km/h, jump up to the height of 80 cm, swim 2 km, dig the long burrows, arrange the refuge practically in any place. They are unusually adaptive, unpretentious and capable to give birth up to 23 cubs. In the wild the rats seldom live till 1 year, but they live in house conditions about 3 years.
  Rats communicate among themselves with very large number of various signals in the ultrasonic range.
  Rats are capable to think, as has shown a number of experiments, no worse than primates.
  Rats are capable to understand value of a number of words and to use them on sense according to a situation. Rats are also capable to copy the human speech.
  Rats can generalize a number of situations and use the abstract forms, matured in their heads.
  Rats are also capable to deduce the general rules of behavior on the basis of the accumulated life experience and to use them for the solution of the tasks with which they weren't encounter yet.
  Rats even possess rudiments of self-awareness, in particular, being able to estimate adequately correctness of own decisions made in ambiguous situations, increasing thereby probability of correctness of own actions further.
  On the other hand, the rat brain increases in a size quicker than new neurons are got. Therefore, the larger individuals possess smaller number of neurons on gram of neural fabric, than small individuals while one gram of neural fabric of the large primates and the small primates contains identical amount of neurons. In other words, the brain of primates is constructed on the most economic use of space.
  As a result, for example, the brain of a rat with 86 billion neurons (as at the person) would weigh 35 kg.
  Regarding dolphins following can be noted.
  The brain of dolphins is developing about 47 million years. The ratio of its weight to the size of the body corresponds only to similar ratio at the person.
  Reasonableness dolphins reaches a high degree, as evidenced by the possession of language with the dictionary volume 1012, and the number of signals produced by them in the normal mode is about 14 thousand: it is the same amount as at people in everyday life. The signal of a dolphin carries more meaning than the separate word.
  The cerebral cortex of a dolphin has twice more convolutions, than at the person that assumes a possibility of assimilation by a dolphin in 1.5 times more knowledge, than by the person.
  Genetically the closest to a dolphin belongs cow together with which dolphins have separated from the general ancestor about 70 million years ago.
  Dolphins, elephants and the person possess a large brain and have high mental capacities. In the course of development at dolphins, elephants and ancestors of people was observed the adaptive evolution of genes of a nervous system which allowed by the high-quality changes to prevail over quantitative changes. In particular, it is obvious that the bends of the convolutions in a brain, quantity of synapses, the relation of white substance to gray affect the level of intelligence.
  As for primates, they have appeared about 70 million years ago, and the allocation of the humanoid ancestor has occurred from group of monkeys about 6 million years ago in Africa and its main feature as compared to apes were walking upright.
  A characteristic feature of primates is directly proportional dependence of the growth rate of brain volume with increasing number of neurons in the brain tissue.
  Ancestors of the person had the same initial size of a brain, as and at a chimpanzee (320-550 cubic cm), which was increased for several million years approximately three times on volume.
  The genome size at the person and the highest primates is identical, differing only in number of chromosomes - at primates the number of chromosomes are on one couple more (only 48 chromosomes). This feature genetically isolates the evolved hominid group, inasmuch the individuals with different number of chromosomes don't give posterity.
  The structure of the skeleton of the highly developed primates corresponds to the human skeleton, being some kind of prerequisite to bipedalism, thumb on the hand is set aside, and at this position is convenient to use a variety of tools as well as to manufacture them. From the point of view of society, life in the family is characteristic for the highest apes.
  The maximum weight of primates reaches 200 kg. An appreciable part of primates leads a terrestrial way of life, which duration is significantly higher, than at other mammals.
  The mass of a brain of primates in correlation with body weight is more, than at other mammals, excepting a dolphin.
  Primates are also characterized by the stereoscopic vision, i.e. the vision, at which may be the perception of shape, sizes and distance to subject.
  The comparison of rats, dolphins and primates in correlation with the walking upright, a potential ability to manufacture tools, the potential ability to generalization data and ingenuity necessary for creative being, show the following.
  The rat has not equal in adaptability and ability to evolve with the highest speed. Rats not worse than primates think, showing even ability to abstract thinking. They are capable to understand value of some words and to use them according to a situation. Rats can even copy the human speech.
  Rats are also capable to output the general rules of behavior and possess the rudiments of self-consciousness
  However, rats - relatively small creations living in the wild environment no more than a year, and a brain of a rat increases in sizes quicker, than new neurons are got that doesn't do it economic. Rats aren't capable to bipedalism and it is difficult to them to use the extremities for production of instruments of labor.
  In this regard, rats aren't too suitable, despite all their other remarkable properties, for various and widespread conscious change of the environment in all points of the planet, that is for separation from the environment in the consciousness and universal overcoming its resistance.
  Dolphins on the intellect and a variety of other mental abilities surpass all other beings, including the primates and even the person.
  However, they are limited to stay in the same type aquatic environment, however, to which they have so well been adapted that are close in this regard to an ideal.
  Therefore, it is senseless to speak about their transformation in beings who destroy and change the environment for various, often doubtful purposes, overcoming extreme difficulties, as in society, and labor life without certain hope on essential increases in term of this life and its alleviation.
  Besides, dolphins have no the organs by means of which they could make major changes to the environment.
  So in general for dolphins are difficult and hardly it makes sense, proceeding from own situation, to apply for a role of a creative being of the world.
  It turns out that the only candidate for a difficult role of a creative being, who has to remain one on one with the world, resist to it, and. the main thing, - resist to itself, remains the transformed primate.
  The primate is capable to walk upright, it is moderately quick-witted, its hands are adapted for performance of various operations, the sizes of a primate don't allow it to get lost among small beings, the primate lives long enough and it is attentive to posterity. It is also inclined to collective actions.
  But a primate lacked much for transformation into the person several millions years ago.
  In comparison with a dolphin the primate was not too clever. In comparison with an adaptive rat the primate wasn't too well able to transfer temperature differences and to adapt quickly to the changing situation.
  Therefore, during evolution from group of primates about 6 million years ago has been allocated the hominids which have overcome the specified shortcomings to a large degree for millions of years.
  In particular, the volume of a brain of hominids has increased three times, almost having reached the volume of a brain of dolphins.
  Hominids also gradually learned to use skins of other animals as an external covering, saving themselves from sharp temperature drops. Their forward extremities gradually become able to do a lot of things, and not just to collect some bananas. Implementation of bipedalism made hominids as quite good travelers.
  But for transformation into the person to the hominids lacked the main thing: they had to be determined with themselves - to remain in the ranks of the beings who are satisfied only by sensations or to try "to shift" own intellect from processing only sensations into side of submissions about the world, i.e. in the direction toward themselves in the world, but already as the being, resisting to the world, more precisely, - selecting from the environment what this being wishes to the extent of opportunities of own mind, acting in collective similar beings in opposition to groups of other living beings.
  In case of similar separation from the environment this being immediately gets an advantage - stones, sticks, fire, collective intelligence and collective memory are added to canines.
  For such transformation into rather short term the genotype of a hominid had purchase sets of genes which not only would fix a capability of beings to the articulate speech and accumulating rather large supply of words, not only would promote development in it of abstract thinking and development of logical designs, not only would allow it to apply with success to work the extremities, multiplying by other tools the own efforts, but another set of genes had to "take out" partially him from the general stream of all other beings on the separate level of understanding of itself, i.e. on the level of such being, who makes not only what is put in program of reflex actions, developed ancestors within the frame of the corresponding vital niche, but which does what in any programs not coded literally, namely: initially makes what, at a certain consideration, is advantageous from the point of view of survival and facilitate of existence, and then begins to do what it just want to the extent possible, in accordance with its plans, which are changed depending on various reasons, including mood. The volume of information streams in this case sharply increases, the environment begins to change purposefully under the influence of these beings, changing at the same time and these beings more rapid paces than so far.
  However, the problem is, what is the nature of these changes in the genotype of hominids?
  Representatives of biologists consider that the happened changes are the result of the random mutations [1, Ch. 3].
  This statement in itself is a highly controversial for a variety of reasons.
  First, mutations before emergence of a prototype of the person were manifested and acted only within reflex and instinctive livelihoods of living beings, and they as it has been shown in chapter 1, aren't capable to lead away these beings beyond limits of similar activity for period of time.
  I.e. the random character of mutations means for the living being an opportunity only to adapt to the environment, but not a possibility to go beyond the environment limits.
  It is senseless for this reason to consider mutations as the major through factor, which has led finally a bacterium to the being largely outside nature - to the person.
  Nevertheless, evolutionists insist on this - exaggerated - role of chance, refusing to understand that a source of emergence of self-consciousness can't be a natural (random) set of such program in a genome, which gives not the best adaptation of the living being to the environment, but, on the contrary, in the end provokes as a result aspiration to complete separation of the living being with nature.
  Second, random mutations in a short time, - namely within a relatively short time has appeared a complex set of genes required for the emergence of new (human) properties - could not compile the program of self-awareness of such complexity, but, nevertheless, this program has appeared, as, by the way, and the genes that determine the ability to verbal speech.
  Thirdly, all these new programs, changing the living being in a root for the first time after billions of years of evolution in this world, who earlier as and all the remaining beings, was "immersed" in the environment, on the being, who "escaped" partly from this environment, and begins "to look" around itself at the new level, appeared almost synchronously.
  Fourthly, mutations in the living organisms are manifestation of interaction of organisms with the environment, i.e. with other organisms and inorganic connections. By means of this manifestation the organisms enshrine in the programs, which are written down on protein compounds in a genome, of a positive reaction for themselves of this interaction, got as if accidentally. However, this "random character of the event" for the living organisms isn't casual at all, inasmuch the difference of the living organisms from the lifeless complexes consists in ability to search of the most acceptable conditions for themselves by means of trials and errors, on what the lifeless isn't capable.
  Therefore, each positive random change, which is reflected in structure of a genome, means the accumulation of number of these spontaneous "search" changes, inevitably leading with achievement of a certain limit to the qualitative changes of the organism. However, any natural processes have natural borders, consequence which is the fact that transition of quantitative casual changes into qualitative structural transformations is closed in the established natural frames: in this case - within reflex and instinctive actions of all organisms, that represents the only possible manifestation of consciousness at the level of casual changes (mutations), consequence of which is only search of more acceptable conditions for existence by method of trials and errors.
  This manifestation of consciousness is the only possible, thus, because usage of new communications by an organism, positive for reproduction, in effect, means the gradual formation of the only "conditioned" reflexes on the remembered irritation, reflected on the phenotype.
  On the one hand, the similar phenomenon has no relation to an arbitrariness, and it cannot be classified as purely coincidental.
  On the other hand, consciousness of a live organism at this level of development, i.e. in the presence of the program capable to initiate only reflex and instinctive actions, in itself isn't capable to move to a new level of consciousness, which differs in ability to free expression of itself, i.e. to the independent and initiative transformation of what is present into what is absent, but, what is the desire to have.
  Therefore, selection on the basis of random variations of code of protein compounds and the corresponding formation of set of genes which in turn can give millions of additional protein connections, , and the number of variants of interaction of these protein complexes increases up to astronomical sizes, is capable to give only a basis for introduction of the program, which opens a possibility of an exit of this most perfect, but still purely natural being, on other level of consciousness, allowing to this being to turn from a natural being partly into essence outside nature.
  Probability of a random selection out of existing billions of variants within any conceivable term one compact program for consciously-target activity of the being, in this case, a highly developed primate, as indicated by figures, is close to zero.
  This factor in itself, apparently, means an artificial way of installation and fixing of the new program in this set of genes with billions of options of programming on what is capable, in our opinion, only single consciousness of a holographic projection, so how each living being, differing exactly by the presence of consciousness, is manifestation of single consciousness.
  But consciousness of the person, unlike any living being, as we observe, has two levels: the lowest (practically non-free) - reflex and instinctive on its the action mechanism, and the highest - consciously-target (free), but not capable to function in beingness independently, i.e. without participation of the lowest consciousness, which is basic level of consciousness.
  Fifth, it is known that females of macaques and chimpanzee are capable to identify themselves with reflection in a mirror that helps them to comb out, in particular, parasites from local places of a back without the aid of other monkeys.
  It seems that in this case there is no difference between the person recognizing himself in specular reflection, and a monkey, and this fact only confirms purely evolutionary - as a result of casual mutations - a way of appearance of the person.
  However, on the contrary, this phenomenon only in addition confirms non-random nature of genetic change of the monkey with its transformation into the person.
  The matter is that the abilities of a monkey as it has been stated above, may be quite enough, to compare itself with reflection in a mirror, but - only in order to more successfully scratch own back, i.e. there is no creativity at all, as and there is no personality also.
  The person, more precisely, his individual consciousness through reflection in a smooth surface always determines himself as the personality - the single and the unique, which thanks to self-consciousness, or separation from surroundings by determination of self, isn't passive in relation to a mirror, and is capable to produce or find it, if it is impossible to do without mirror, for achievement of purposes, systematically delivered, but not the momentary or spontaneous.
  In other words, it is possible to establish the fact of the emergence of absolutely special, dualistic being, which, on the one hand, is still a part of the environment, but, on the other hand, this being is absolutely separate from the environment, and this being tries not only to understand surroundings but also to the subjugation of everything around under itself, i.e. this being believes itself already outside natural essence, but not just as a being of the world.
  Besides, the person as self-conscious formation, unlike a primate, understands separateness of own reflection in a mirror, but using it, at the same time is afraid of own reflection, comprehending its otherworldly essence, and trying therefore once again not to approach to a mirror [3. Ch. 1].
  Sixth, the random and the highest consciousness (consciously-target expression of consciousness) are antagonists in the respect what, if the subject, having the highest consciousness, is mistaken, then he will be is capable to understand the mistake and to correct deeds, significantly having accelerated own advance on the way of development, then the random is some kind of edge of consciousness, making the main manifestation of the lowest part of consciousness. Consciousness uses the random if it doesn't know what and how to do at this level of development, but, accepting a case in attention, though slowly - with kickbacks and zigzags - nevertheless moves ahead.
  Seventh, the random, more tending towards chaos, isn't capable to be a reliable support to a structural order, breaking its all the time. Therefore, giving continuous changes to the living environment, it promotes so continuous destruction of the prevailing order, forcing the living beings to obey to itself completely, especially without reflecting. The basis of this is reflex-instinctual mechanism of action, which is the same for all sentient beings, what would not occur with them.
  However, it is required to Creation both destruction, and more or less successful creation which can satisfy consciousness, having given an incentive to its development by removal from senselessness of existence only on level of consumption of sensations.
  Thus, in Creation the most succeeds concerning acquisition of meanings in conjugation them with sensations is only who can figure how more effectively to destroy or create something, but on this effect are able not accidental procedures, not some order, a prerequisite for which is stability, but only the creativity and initiative, always leading to rather rapid achievement of the expected or unexpected result, harm, advantage or even insignificant meaning of which can understand only the being with these properties, i.e. a being, understanding self .
  Therefore, except the subject having both consciousness on the level of sensations, and self-consciousness, nothing and no one is able the most effective to create and destroy, that means impossibility to both single consciousness, and individual consciousness to do without it, as the most effective tool of own development and consumption of vital collisions.
  Thus. emergence of a being with two levels of consciousness as the free and living representative of the active, forming effectively out of the passive the environment (beingness) for itself in Creation, i.e. - of a pearl of beingness, is inevitable manifestation of practice of the active among passive.
  If to return to problems of the mentioned changes in a genome of a highly developed primate, turning this being gradually, but relatively quickly into the person, then it is possible to count, of course, these changes in a genome as divine providence.
  Strangely enough, this statement would be more plausible, than the statement of evolutionists if only behind it there was something real.
  Anyway, but it has turned out that about a third of the DNA-duplications, found at the person, is absent at a chimpanzee, and this new set of genes, which has appeared in unusually short time, has transformed a primate in to the creative being who has "dropped out" from a nature bosom partly. But this being in another its part has remained as natural with the eternal conflicts between the existing two sides of consciousness, for the most part opposite in intent and action [2. Ch. 2.3].
  Thus, willy-nilly it is necessary to recognize that has happened relatively rapid gene inducting, caused as we stated above, by quite real single consciousness of a holographic projection, underlying of beingness; and this inducting has been manifested automatically, because has emerged quite real candidate for the place of the person.
  
  The full text of the work is posted on the Amazon website
  
  Bibliography
  
  1. Markov A.V. Evidence of evolution. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: evolbiol.ru (Evolution problems)
  2. Nizovtsev Y. M., Nizovtsev A.Y. The person as the hologram: ASIN: B01N3S9OQY Amazon Yury Nizovtsev.
  3. Nizovtsev Y. M., Nizovtsev A.Y. Miracles in a sieve. 2016. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: Amazon
  4.Nizovtsev Y. M. Everything and nothingness. 2016. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: Amazon. Yury Nizovtsev. ISBN-10: 1519044887. ISBN-13: 978-1519044884.
  5. Nizovtsev Y. M. Our true life is endless. ASIN: B01M1OJ041, Amazon. Yury Nizovtsev.
  6. Kant I. The Critique of Pure Reason. University of Adelaide. 1781/1998. The web edition published by ebooks Adelaide. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: ebooks.adelaide.edu.au > Library. ebooks
  7. Nizovtsev Y. M. Communes as a result of crash of all civilization. 2016. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: ASIN: B01M22R9ZD, Amazon. Yury Nizovtsev.
  8. 1980. David Bohm, Wholeness and the Implicate Order, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-7100-0971-2
  9. Karl H. Pribram. Languages of the Brain. Experimental paradoxes and principles in neuropsychology. "Progress", 1975.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
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